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Proof
- P1.1 Deduction; exhaustive cases; counterexamples; contradiction, including irrational sqrt(2), infinitely many primes and unfamiliar arguments.
Algebra and functions
- P2.1 Index arithmetic with rational exponents, including negative and fractional powers.
- P2.2 Surd simplification and removal of radicals from denominators.
- P2.3 Quadratics: graphs, discriminant/root cases, completing squares, solution methods and equations quadratic in another expression.
- P2.4 Two-variable simultaneous equations by elimination or substitution; linear-linear and linear-quadratic cases.
- P2.5 Linear/quadratic inequalities, including reducible fractions and brackets; solution sets, union/intersection and shaded regions.
- P2.6 Polynomial expansion, factorisation, linear-divisor division and factor theorem; cancellation and division in rational expressions.
- P2.7 Polynomial, linear-modulus and reciprocal graphs; axial asymptotes; graphical intersections; proportional relationships.
- P2.8 Function composition and inversion; one-to-one restrictions, domain/range and inverse graphs.
- P2.9 Vertical/horizontal graph shifts and stretches, reflections and their combinations; modulus transformations.
- P2.10 Partial-fraction decomposition: at most three terms, constant/linear numerators, linear factors up to squared multiplicity.
- P2.11 Functions as contextual models; valid domains, shortcomings and possible improvements.
Coordinate geometry
- P3.1 Straight-line forms, parallel/perpendicular gradients and contextual linear models.
- P3.2 Circle centre/radius by completing squares; semicircle, chord-bisection and radius-tangent properties; coordinate applications.
- P3.3 Parametric curve representations and conversion to/from Cartesian equations, retaining parameter restrictions.
- P3.4 Parametric descriptions of shapes and motion in context.
Sequences and series
- P4.1 Binomial coefficients, factorials and integer expansions; rational-power expansions, approximation and validity abs(bx/a)<1.
- P4.2 Explicit and recursive sequences; increasing, decreasing and periodic behaviour.
- P4.3 Sigma notation and evaluation of finite sums.
- P4.4 Arithmetic progressions: terms, finite sums and derivation of the sum formula.
- P4.5 Geometric progressions: terms, finite sums, convergent infinite sums and abs(r)<1; sum-formula proof.
- P4.6 Discrete contextual models using sequences or series.
Trigonometry
- P5.1 Unit-circle definitions; sine/cosine rules including ambiguity; triangle area; radians, arcs and sectors.
- P5.2 Small-angle sine, cosine and tangent approximations with angles in radians.
- P5.3 Sine/cosine/tangent curves, symmetries and periods; exact values at standard angles and their multiples.
- P5.4 Secant, cosecant, cotangent and inverse trig functions: definitions, graphs, domains and ranges.
- P5.5 Quotient and Pythagorean trig identities, including secant/tangent and cosecant/cotangent identities.
- P5.6 Angle addition/subtraction and double-angle identities, geometric proofs, half-angle applications and R-sine/cosine forms.
- P5.7 Complete interval solutions of trig equations, including quadratics and multiple/shifted arguments.
- P5.8 Proofs of identities involving trigonometric expressions.
- P5.9 Trig models and applications, including vector, motion and force problems.
Exponentials and logarithms
- P6.1 Exponential curves a^x (a>0) and e^x, including transformations and growth/decay shapes.
- P6.2 Derivative of e^(kx) and the proportional-rate rationale for exponential models.
- P6.3 Logarithms as inverse exponentials; ln and exp graphs and equations, with appropriate domains.
- P6.4 Logarithm product, quotient and power identities, including fractional and negative multipliers.
- P6.5 Exponential equations solved using logarithms; base changes where useful.
- P6.6 Straight-line log plots for estimating power-law and exponential-model parameters.
- P6.7 Exponential growth/decay applications; parameter meaning, fit, limitations and refinements.
Differentiation
- P7.1 Derivative as tangent limit and rate; gradient sketches; first principles for small positive integer powers, sine and cosine; second derivatives, concavity and inflections.
- P7.2 Derivatives of rational powers, exponential functions, sine/cosine/tangent and ln; linear arguments, sums and scalar multiples.
- P7.3 Tangents/normals, increasing/decreasing intervals, stationary points, extrema and inflections; optimisation and sketches.
- P7.4 Product, quotient and chain rules; inverse-function derivatives, reciprocal trig derivatives and linked rates.
- P7.5 First derivatives of implicit relations and parametric curves; associated tangents and normals.
- P7.6 Construct first-order differential equations from pure or contextual rate information.
Integration
- P8.1 Fundamental theorem linking derivatives and integrals; antiderivatives and the integration constant.
- P8.2 Power integrals except exponent -1; exp, reciprocal and sine/cosine integrals with linear arguments; sums and constants, including trig-identity rewrites.
- P8.3 Definite integrals and bounded areas under/between curves and lines, including parametric curves.
- P8.4 Definite integration viewed through limiting sums of thin strips.
- P8.5 Substitution and integration by parts as reversed chain/product rules; choose substitutions, repeat parts where needed, excluding reduction formulae.
- P8.6 Rational integration using partial fractions with linear denominators.
- P8.7 First-order separable differential equations; general and initial-condition solutions, possibly after factorisation.
- P8.8 Interpret differential-equation solutions, their limitations and motion applications.
Numerical methods
- P9.1 Root bracketing by sign changes on appropriate continuous intervals; failure at discontinuities or with unobserved roots.
- P9.2 Fixed-point iteration with staircase/cobweb diagrams and geometric convergence interpretation.
- P9.3 Newton-Raphson and other recurrence methods; geometric reasoning and failure cases.
- P9.4 Numerical quadrature using trapezia; approximate areas and reasoned upper/lower bounds.
- P9.5 Numerical solutions of contextual problems and their accuracy.
Vectors
- P10.1 Two- and three-dimensional vector notation using components and unit basis vectors.
- P10.2 Magnitude, direction and unit vectors; conversions between component and magnitude/direction forms.
- P10.3 Vector addition and scalar multiplication, geometric constructions and parallelism.
- P10.4 Position vectors, displacement by subtraction and distances in two or three dimensions.
- P10.5 Vector solutions in geometry and contexts including forces and motion.