Arguments based on observation: teleological and cosmological

For every argument, know its steps, the strongest objection and the best reply: philosophy essays turn on the exchange.

Question 1

In his Fifth Way, why does Aquinas compare natural bodies to an arrow shot by an archer?

Question 2

What does Aquinas mean by motion in the First Way?

Question 3

Which of Hume's points most directly weakens an argument from the universe to a designer by analogy with a human artefact?

Question 4

Which response defends a design argument while accepting that natural selection explains how living things fit their environments?