Question 1Select one
Each evening Maya runs an electric can opener and then feeds her cat. After a few weeks the cat runs into the kitchen as soon as it hears the can opener. In classical conditioning terms, the sound of the can opener is now
Learning
Ask whether the behavior is a reflex paired with a signal (classical) or an action shaped by its consequence (operant).
A rabbit eyeblink study
In a laboratory, a tone sounds for half a second, and then a gentle puff of air is directed at a rabbit’s eye. The rabbit blinks at the puff. After 100 such pairings, the rabbit blinks when it hears the tone alone.
The researcher then presents the tone 60 times without the puff, until the rabbit stops blinking to it. After two days of rest, the tone is presented again, and the rabbit blinks to it, though less strongly than before. Finally, the researcher plays a slightly higher-pitched tone that the rabbit has never heard, and the rabbit blinks to it as well.
Question 2Select one
In this study, the rabbit’s blink in response to the puff of air, before any training, is the
Question 3Select one
The rabbit’s blinking to the tone after two days of rest, following extinction, illustrates
Question 4Select one
The rabbit’s blinking to the higher-pitched tone it had never heard best illustrates
Question 5Select one
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s study of “Little Albert,” an infant who came to fear a white rat after it was paired with a loud noise, is best known for showing that
Question 6Select one
A dog has learned to salivate to a light that always comes before food. The researcher now pairs a buzzer with the light, never presenting food. Soon the dog salivates to the buzzer alone. This is
Question 7Select one
In most classical conditioning procedures, which arrangement produces the fastest and strongest learning?
Question 8Select one
A car beeps loudly until the driver fastens her seat belt. Over time she buckles up as soon as she gets in. Her buckling has been strengthened by
Question 9Select one
After 16-year-old Dev comes home two hours past curfew, his parents take away his phone for the weekend to make late arrivals less likely. This consequence is
Question 10Select one
A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of pulls: sometimes after 3, sometimes after 40. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Question 11Select one
A professor gives a test every fourth Friday. Most students study very little right after a test and then study more and more as the next test date approaches. This pattern of responding is typical of which schedule?
Question 12Select one
To teach a dog to roll over, a trainer first gives a treat when the dog lies down, then only when it lies on its side, then only when it rolls partly onto its back, and finally only for a full roll. The trainer is using
Question 13Select one
In a classroom, students earn stickers for completing assignments and later trade the stickers for small prizes and extra recess. The stickers serve as
Question 14Select one
Edward Thorndike placed hungry cats in puzzle boxes and found that they escaped faster over trials as successful moves were repeated and useless ones dropped away. He summarized this as
Question 15Select one
Three groups of rats learned to press a lever under different reinforcement schedules. Then reinforcement stopped for all groups, and researchers counted lever presses before each rat quit. Which conclusion do the results best support?
Question 16Select one
In Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments, what happened to children who watched an adult hit and kick an inflatable doll?
Question 17Select one
Five-year-old Leo watches his older sister get a stern scolding for touching the knobs on the stove. Although Leo has never been scolded for it himself, he now avoids the stove. Leo’s avoidance is best explained by
Question 18Select one
Mia closely watches a concert pianist play a difficult piece, remembers exactly what she saw, and badly wants to perform it, but she has never had piano lessons and cannot play it. According to Bandura, which condition for observational learning is missing?
Question 19Select one
| Category | Group A: always rewarded | Group B: never rewarded | Group C: rewarded from day 11 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
| 4 | 6 | 8 | 8 |
| 6 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 |
| 8 | 3.5 | 7 | 7.1 |
| 10 | 3 | 6.8 | 6.7 |
| 12 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 2.3 |
| 14 | 2.2 | 6.3 | 2 |
| 16 | 2 | 6.2 | 1.9 |
In a maze study, three groups of rats ran a maze once a day. The graph shows the average number of errors. Group C found no food in the goal box until day 11, when food was added. What does Group C’s sudden improvement show?
Question 20Select one
Wolfgang Köhler watched a chimpanzee who could not reach hanging bananas sit quietly for a while and then suddenly stack boxes and climb them to reach the fruit. Köhler used such observations to argue for
Question 21Select one
Nate failed several math courses despite studying hard. When his school offers free tutoring that would very likely help, he declines, saying, “Nothing I do makes a difference in math.” Nate’s reaction best illustrates
Question 22Select one
Hours after eating shrimp at a restaurant, Rosa came down with a stomach flu. Although she knows the shrimp did not cause it, the smell of shrimp now makes her nauseated. What makes this case notable?
Question 23Select one
John Garcia found that rats readily learned to avoid a flavored water that was followed by nausea, but did not learn to avoid a light and click followed by the same nausea. This research suggests that
Question 24Select one
Animal trainers reinforced raccoons with food for dropping coins into a box. After a while, the raccoons began rubbing the coins together and dipping them in and out of the box instead, even though this delayed their food. This is an example of